Oxygen-poor Blood From The Body Flows Down Through The RIGHT ATRIUM To

Oxygen-poor blood from the body flows down through the RIGHT ATRIUM to fill the RIGHT VENTRICLE which pumps the blood out through the PULMONARY ARTERY to the lungs. As blood flows through the LUNGS it gives up the waste carbon dioxide and gains more oxygen from the inhaled air. The freshly oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart by way of the PULMONARY VEINS. Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs flows down through the LEFT ATRIUM to fill the LEFT VENTRICLE which pumps it into the AORTA, the main artery to the body. The blood passes from the aorta into smaller ARTERIES which carry it to all body organs and tissues. There it flows into the smalles arterial branches, the ARTERIOLES. From the arterioles, blood flows into dense networks of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called CAPILLARIES. Oxygen and nutrients in the blood easily pass through the thin capillary walls to the cells, and carbon dioxide and other cellular waste products can pass back through the walls into the blood to be carried away.

History of Automatic Teller Machines or ATM

History of Automatic Teller Machines or ATM An automatic teller machine or ATM allows a bank customer to conduct their banking transactions from almost every other ATM machine in the world. As is often the case with inventions, many inventors contribute to the history of an invention, as is the case with the ATM. Keep reading to learn about the many inventors behind the automatic teller machine or ATM. Hole in the Wall Luther Simjian came up with the idea of creating a hole-in-the-wall machine that would allow customers to make financial transactions. In 1939, Luther Simjian applied for 20 patents related to his ATM invention and field tested his ATM machine in what is now Citicorp. After six months, the bank reported that there was little demand for the new invention and discontinued its use. Modern Prototypes Some experts have the opinion that James Goodfellow of Scotland holds the earliest patent date of 1966 for a modern ATM, and John D White (also of Docutel) in the US is often credited with inventing the first free-standing ATM design. In 1967, John Shepherd-Barron invented and installed an ATM in a Barclays Bank in London. Don Wetzel invented an American made ATM in 1968. However, it wasnt until the mid to late 1980s that ATMs became part of mainstream banking. Luther Simjian Luther Simjian is best known for his invention of the Bankmatic automatic teller machine or ATM. Born in Turkey on January 28, 1905, he studied medicine at school but had a life-long passion for photography. Simjians first big commercial invention was a self-posing and self-focusing portrait camera. The subject was able to look a mirror and see what the camera was seeing before the picture was taken. Simjian also invented a flight speed indicator for airplanes, an automatic postage metering machine, a colored x-ray machine, and a teleprompter. Combining his knowledge of medicine and photography, he invented a way to project images from microscopes and methods of photographing specimens under water. He moved to New York in 1934 started his own company called Reflectone to further develop his inventions. John  Shepherd Barron According to BBC News, the worlds first ATM was installed in a branch of Barclays in Enfield, North London. John  Shepherd Barron, who worked for the printing firm De La Rue was the chief inventor. In a Barclays press release, the bank stated that comedy actor Reg Varney, star of TV sitcom On the Buses, became the first person in the country to use a cash machine at Barclays Enfield on June  27, 1967. The ATMs were at that time called DACS for De La Rue Automatic Cash System. John  Shepherd Barron  was the managing director of De La Rue Instruments, the company which made the first ATMs. At that time plastic ATM cards did not exist. John Shepherd Barrons ATM machine took checks that were impregnated with carbon 14, a slightly radioactive substance. The ATM machine would detect the carbon 14 mark and match it against a personal identification number (PIN). The idea of a PIN was thought up by John  Shepherd Barron  and refined by his wife Caroline, who changed John’s six-digit number to four as it was easier to remember. John  Shepherd Barron  never patented his ATM invention instead he decided to try to keep his technology a trade secret. John  Shepherd Barron  stated that after consulting with Barclays lawyers, we were advised that applying for a patent would have involved disclosing the coding system, which in turn would have enabled criminals to work the code out. In 1967, a bankers conference was held in Miami with 2,000 members in attendance. John  Shepherd Barron  had just installed the first ATMs in  England and was invited to talk at the conference. As a result, the first American order for a John  Shepherd Barron  ATM was placed. Six ATMs were installed at the First Pennsylvania Bank in Philadelphia.   Don Wetzel Don Wetzel was the co-patentee and chief conceptualist of an automated teller machine, an idea he said he thought of while waiting in line at a Dallas bank. At the time (1968) Don Wetzel was the Vice President of Product Planning at Docutel, the company that developed automated baggage-handling equipment. The other two inventors listed on the Don Wetzel patent were Tom Barnes, the chief mechanical  engineer  and George Chastain, the electrical engineer. It took five million dollars to develop the ATM. The concept first began in 1968,  a working prototype  came about in 1969 and Docutel  was issued  a patent in 1973. The first Don Wetzel ATM was installed in a New  York-based  Chemical Bank. Note: There are different claims to which bank had the first Don Wetzel ATM, I have used Don Wetzels own reference. Don Wetzel on the first ATM installed at the Rockville Center, New York Chemical Bank from  a NMAH  interview: No, it wasnt in a lobby, it was actually in the wall of the bank, out on the street. They put a canopy over it to protect it from the rain and the weather of all sorts.  Unfortunately, they put the canopy too high and the rain came under it. One time we had water in the machine and we had to do some extensive repairs. It was a walkup on the outside of the bank. That was the first one. And it was a cash dispenser only, not a full ATM... We had a cash dispenser, and then the next version was going to be the total teller (created in 1971), which is the ATM we all know today takes deposits, transfers money from checking to savings, savings to checking, cash advances to your  credit card, takes payments; things like that. So they didnt want just a cash dispenser alone. ATM Cards The first ATMs were  off-line  machines, meaning money was not automatically withdrawn from an account, as bank accounts were not then connected by a computer network to the ATM. Banks were at first very exclusive about who they gave ATM privileges to. Giving them only to  credit card  holders with good banking records. Don Wetzel, Tom  Barnes, and George Chastain developed the first ATM cards to have a magnetic strip and a personal ID number to get cash. ATM cards had to be different from  credit cards  (then without magnetic strips) so account information could be included.

Operation Management - Dubai International Airport Term Paper

Operation Management - Dubai International Airport - Term Paper Example A look at the advantages of TQM reveals that it has been able to be more important than its disadvantages and as such is rapidly being adopted by most firms (BANK, 2000). This study for that reason, sought after examining the application of total quality management in the operations of Dubai International Airport in relation to the following key themes or concepts: globalization, cultural organization of the airport, the decision making process used by the management, relations of financial forecasting and its techniques to TQM, emergency, safety and security, economic significance, and infrastructural developments within the facility (MUKHERJEE, 2006). Introduction Dubai International Airport is an international airport that serves Dubai. As a major airline hub, the airport serves the Middle East as a main airport. This airport is also the home base of most of the international airlines in Dubai such as Emirates, Fly Dubai and Emirates Sky Cargo (HUGOS, 2003). Other international ai rlines have also lined up to be operating from this airport and as such it is an extremely busy airport in the Middle East compared to all other airports. In a month, this airport operates hundreds of thousands of passenger flights to several other destinations in the world. The airport is spread over a large piece of land spanning up to 3500 ha (BOERMEESTER & DURANTE, 2000). The airports ability to handle this huge passenger traffic made it to be ranked the 3rd busiest international airport by international passenger traffic thus, surpassing Hong Kong International airport in the rankings (LI, 2013). Research questions The following questions were the guiding points of this study. i. What effects does the adoption of total quality management by Dubai International Airport have on its operations? ii. What total quality barriers do the organization face in its operations if any? Purpose and significance of the study The purpose of this study is to establish the relevance of total qua lity management policies within the operational actions of Dubai International Airport (REID & SANDERS, 2007). The results of this study are anticipated at benefiting the Middle East economy with regard to airport supervision by contributing to the improvement of knowledge and understanding on the subject area both hypothetically and practically (KETCHEN, 2007). It shall also form the basis on which other researchers can build up their studies in the equivalent or related field in the future. Objective of the study Based on the study’s statement of the problem and the research questions, the validation of this study will based on the main purpose of establishing the impacts of total quality management on the operations of Dubai International Airport and whether these quality management policies have had any influence on the growth trends witnessed in the organization (HANSSON, 2003). Scope of the study The study is prearranged to be conducted during the semester as part of a partial achievement of the course requirements. The study shall be structured into a number of chapters with wide-ranging coverage of the sub-topics done under each chapter. Consequently, the scope of this study shall be restricted to date from the year 2000 with Dubai Internation

FISHER v. UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FISHER v. UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS - Case Study Example In the year 2008, the plaintiff applied for admission to the UT for further studies after finishing their secondary education. In their case filing, the two students stated that the University failed to grant them admission chances citing the reason to be their color. The plaintiff quoted the clause on Civil Rights Act and title VI Act of 1964 (Kent College of Law 2010). The first ruling was in 2009, and during this time, the court sided with the defense made by the University. The ruling did not impress the plaintiff and; therefore, they decided to appeal against the judgment. The UT was a renowned university, which was among the dream choice for many young people. In order to recruit students in the institution in an orderly manner, the university management has set guidelines. The university internal admission criteria was superior and was necessary comply procedure. Historically, the University used Academic index that based the selection on students’ high school ranking (Kent College of Law 2010). Academic index formula gave a room for unallowable levels of diversity and, therefore, the University started considering the applicant’s race. This criterion took place up to around 1996 when the government made changes to the law to diversify the admission in all institutions (Kent College of Law 2010). The first hearing of the case against admission of the plaintiff was at the District Court. The plaintiff had questioned whether the action by the UT in considering the applicants’ race before admission was in fulfillment of the government’s interest. In its ruling, the court referred to guidelines in Grutter and sided with the University criteria of considering the students races. The court reviewed all the circumstances that led to the university’s option of putting races into admission procedures. Court ascertained that the decision was in good will. The

W2 Asign Determining Requirement in Data Warehousing Essay

W2 Asign Determining Requirement in Data Warehousing - Essay Example data warehouse, pick-up interesting data, format his or her own queries, drill through the data layers, and create custom reports and ad hoc queries† (Ponniah, 2010, p. 40). As such, these power users usually seek complex information, multidimensional (MD) analysis, and statistical analysis which could be facilitated through the online, intranet, internet, as the use of emails. As learned from Ponniah (2010), the â€Å"primary goal in the requirements definition phase is to compile information packages for all the subjects for the data warehouse† (p. 105). The kinds of requirements that one needs to gather at the requirements definition phase are categorized as follows: The gathering of information during this phase could be solicited through three (3) primary means or basic techniques: interviews, joint application development (JAD) sessions, and through questionnaires (Ponniah, 2010). Thus, the kind of details to be gathered would depend on the needs and demands of the users in the organizations. Through the use of the basic techniques for gathering information, as the query tools specialist, one must be able to comprehensively assess and determine the informational requirements of each user according to the category of requirements as stipulated above. Likewise, the types of questions that should be designed and communicated to the users should be structured in the most effective manner to facilitate solicitation of the appropriate response. Concurrently, it was also learned that aside from utilizing these three (3) basic techniques for data gathering and collection, one could gather useful information through the evaluation of existing documentation (Ponniah, 2010). As emphasized, â€Å"review of existing documentation can be done by the project team without too much involvement from the users of the business units. Scheduling of the review of existing documentation involves only the members of the project team† (Ponniah, 2010, pp. 115-116). Overall, as the

An Analysis Of Cigarette Ignition Environmental Sciences Essay

An Analysis Of Cigarette Ignition Environmental Sciences Essay Hydrogen or deuterium gas when mixed with air or oxygen forms a highly flammable mixture over a wide range of proportions; they also form flammable mixtures with chlorine and the oxides of nitrogen, further, they will also react spontaneously with fluorine and chlorine trifluoride. Because it is impossible to guarantee that any system will be completely leak free every effort should be made to exclude all sources of ignition. The designer and the user should give careful consideration to the risk from a wide variety of ignition sources e.g. smoking, flames, hot surfaces, electrical and other sparking, static electricity, shock, impact, catalytic and chemical action. , Thus petrol vapour mixed with air has a lower flammability limit of just over 1% and an upper limit of 6% by volume petrol vapour in air, at normally encountered temperatures. Concentrations below the lower limit are said to be lean mixtures and those above the upper limit rich mixtures Flammability For flammable liquids with flash point temperatures above normal ambient, e.g., kerosene, white spirit and diesel oil, an ignition source has to ignite not only the flammable mixture of fuel vapour but to generate this mixture in the first place by heating the bulk liquid. Ignition delay A further factor in the mechanism of ignition of gases and vapours is the ignition delay time or induction period, that is the time period between bringing a potentially flammable mixture to a condition where it will ignite, Ignition delay times are dependent on temperature and are reduced with an increase in temperature. Cigarette composition and combustion Composition The most commonly encountered, manufactured cigarette consists of a cylindrical packed bed of 1 g of shredded tobacco enclosed in paper and is generally 8 mm in diameter and 65 mm to 85 mm long. The strands of tobacco are non-uniformly packed and the volume of the cigarette consists of about 75 percent free space. Often a smoke filter is attached and this is typically 20 mm long and contains cellulose acetate, paper fibres and sometimes charcoal. The Virginia tobacco typically used in the manufacture of British cigarettes contains less than 0.1 % of nitrates. One obvious difference in their burning characteristics is that hand-rolled cigarettes tend to go out unless puffed by the smoker, whereas a cigarette with tightly packed tobacco will smoulder for about twenty minutes with no assistance from the smoker. The experimental work reported here and the discussion relates to manufactured cigarettes. The smoke itself consists of mainstream smoke, from the maximum gas phase temperature (850Â °C) was at the centre butt end of the cigarette during suction by a smoker, and. sidestream smoke during the smoking cycle. The term used here for the suction or drawing process during smoking is puffing of the cigarette. One puff of a cigarette is, there- the fore, one suction or draw by the smoker. There are two main regions at the tip on the coal, namely the combustion zone A and the pyrolysis and distillation zone B. Combustible vapours are produced in zone B prior to ignition in zone A In the interval between puffs, the natural convection flow of air around the combustion coal in an upwards direction sustains burning, and forms the sidestrearn smoke. Baker [33] employed two different methods of measurement, one for the solid phase and one for the gas phase, and his results are generally accepted as being representative of the temperatures encountered inside a burning cigarette tip. smoking machine, taking a 35 cm3 volume of 2 sec duration, once per minute of both the gas and solid phases, were determined. These temperatures can, therefore, be regarded as approaching the maximum attained during the drawing of a cigarette surprisingly, the maximum solid phase temperature in the area region of 900Â °C-950Â °C was attained at the points of maximum air flow, i.e., 0.2 mm to 1 mm forward of the paper burn line. This is the area of the cigarette where a distinct pale red glow can be seen when a cigarette is puffed. The maximum gas phase temperature (850Â °C) was at the centre of the cigarette coal. Ignition of gases and vapours by hot surfaces Although the tip of a cigarette cannot be treated simply as a hot surface in a discussion about its potential to ignite substances, it is useful to consider such an ignition source and the combustion parameters involved. Powell has reviewed much detailed experimental work on hot surface ignition [42], and the results provide an insight into some of the reasons for ignition or otherwise of flammable gas and vapour mixtures by a lighted cigarette. Some of the factors involved in the ignition of flammable mixtures of vapour or gas by hot surfaces are: temperature of heated surface; contact time of gas and surface; movement of gas; composition of surface; shape and size of surface; chemical nature of substance; ignition delay time. Ignition of gases and vapours by lighted cigarettes Experiments carried out at the US Bureau of Mines found that a smoked (puffed) cigarette would only ignite methane air mixture if the latter were caused to flow across the glowing cigarette at 1000 ft per min. Attempts were made to ignite propane, petrol and butane with lighted cigarettes without success and similar results were obtained with white spirit Laboratory studies of ignition by a lighted cigarette were carried out by Yockers and Segal testing the liquids carbon disulphide, ethyl ether, benzene, toluene, xylene, acetone, methylethylketone, amylacetate, ethylacetate, ethyl benzene, ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, gasoline and Stoddard solvent (white spirit) [50]. They suggested that it might be thought that a cigarette would ignite these substances as their ignition temperatures were lower than those encountered in the burning tip of a cigarette. Carbon disulphide was readily ignited and ignition also occurred during one of the tests with toluene. Ignition of toluene could not be achieved, however, in several subsequent tests under the conditions which prevailed during the one ignition. It was speculated that this one ignition was perhaps owing to a hot spot when a solid chunk of tobacco seems to spit or sizzle. (It was later suggested that as some tobaccos in the USA contain nitrates, a concentration of this substance could give rise to a hot spot as described in Yockers and Segals paper.) They also tried without success to ignite natural gas (mostly methane), butane and acetylene. Carbon disulphide, acetylene, ethylene oxide, hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen phosphide were readily ignited. Diethyl ether was ignited but only in a closed vessel and after a long delay. Included in the substances which were not ignited were methane, butane, benzene, hexane and cyclohexane. In 1989 scientists at the Research and Technology Division of British Gas studied the effects of lighted cigarettes on methane and ethylene. Six tests were carried out wit smoked cigarettes in natural gas-air mixtures over a concentration range of 5.6% (v/v) to 9.6% (v/v) natural gas in air; tests were also carried out with ethylene-air mixtures Flammability limits The low values of the upper flammable limits of methane, gasoline and propane suggest that in the burning tip of the cigarette or indeed at the surface, oxygen is not present in a sufficient concentration to allow ignition. At the temperatures encountered (700Â °C to 950Â °C), the upper limit would be much higher than those quoted for ambient temperatures but insufficient oxygen molecules are present. Some regions of the cigarette coal are virtually depleted of oxygen and in other areas less than 10% oxygen by volume was measured. In addition to this, carbon dioxide is produced during the combustion of the tobacco and it has been shown by Jones et a1 [54] that gasoline vapour-air-carbon dioxide mixtures are non-flammable when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the mixture exceeds 28.9% by volume. Although some combustible gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen are produced, inside the cigarette coal there is a reducing atmosphere depleted in oxygen. A cigarette tip does not, therefore, have sufficient heat energy both to strip off vapour from the liquid surface and to ignite the air vapour mixture produced. Auto-ignition temperature For a burning cigarette, a given parameter involved in the combustion process cannot be discussed in isolation from the others but for ignition by hot surfaces the number of these factors is reduced. It has been found that at the temperatures encountered in a cigarette where the smoulder is stable (ca 700Â °C to 775Â °C) ignition of methane and gasoline by a hot surface in this temperature range is highly unlikely. For methane, temperatures in excess of 1,000C are needed for ignition. Temperatures in the region of 900Â °C to 950Â °C are generated when a cigarette is puffed, so even at this elevated temperature methane would not be expected to be ignited. During the puff of a cigarette in a flammable atmosphere there will be a continuous flow of fuel and air drawn into the combustion zone. Only substances with short ignition delay times, of around 1 millisec or less, at the temperatures encountered in the cigarette, will be expected to be ignited. For substances with long ignition delay times cooler reactants would be swept into the path of reacting fuel and oxygen molecules, before a flame could propagate through the mixture. Namely that methane and gasoline constituents are not ignited, diethyl ether is but after a long delay and hydrogen and carbon disulphide are ignited. Quenching distance The ignition of flammable gases and vapours will probably take place in the airlgas space between the glowing tobacco fibres. It is possible that some substances are ignited in this region but the flame does not propagate to the flammable gas outside the cigarette. Guest [44] found that some surfaces, which formed a layer of scale or ash, e.g., iron or impure carbon, did not ignite natural gas mixtures with ease, and that surfaces which were strongly catalytic or possessed an interstitial structure required higher temperatures. This latter effect could be similar to the flame arresting property of a fine-mesh wire gauze (e.g., as in the Davy Lamp). Heat is conducted away by the gauze from the reacting gaslair mixture, lowering the temperature of the reactants and preventing the progression of flame to unburned fuellair mixture. This phenomenon is related to the quenching distance of the fuel and these distances for stoichiometric mixtures of fuels (at 20Â °C and one atmosphere) tested by cigarettes are given in Table 2 [57] and [58]. The substances which are ignited by a cigarette have the shortest quenching distances. These are the substances where, because of their reactivity, the loss of heat or destruction of reacting molecules at a boundary is not significant until the dimensions of the boundary are small. As with the other parameters discussed, this alone cannot provide an explanation why some substances are ignited and others are not. For example diethyl ether, which is ignited by cigarettes, has a greater quenching distance than hexane, which is not ignited.

Columbia Sportswear Company Essay example -- Corporate Profile

â€Å"Early to bed, early to rise, work like hell and advertise† - Gert Boyle, Chairperson of Columbia Sportswear Columbia Sportswear Company (Columbia) is a leader in the competitive active outdoor apparel industry. A company propelled by their differentiation strategy, leveraging innovation, brand equity, and strong marketing in the design, manufacture, and distribution of outdoor apparel. Columbia’s product lines include everything from outerwear and footwear to camping equipment and skiwear. It has grown from a small hat company in the 1930’s into a company with a global strategy and a physical and online presence spanning Asia, Latin America, Africa, and Europe. To fully appreciate the evolution of Columbia from â€Å"a corporation that was a niche manufacturer of outdoor clothing aimed at fishermen†¦into an international brand and publicly traded powerhouse,† (1) one must understand the level of perseverance, work ethic, dedication, and attitude of one Gertrude Boyle: now 87, but still â€Å"One Bad Mother.† (Exhibit1) Gert Boyle took over the family business in the 1970s after the sudden death of her husband. A candid and straight person, Boyle has often admitted that, having never worked a day in her life, she had no idea what to do when she first began running the company. (2) Despite her lack of experience, Boyle helped turn Columbia from a company near bankruptcy and collapse into a billion dollar publicly traded organization. Along the way she relied on her natural business savvy and perseverance, overcoming trials such as family tragedy and even an attempted kidnapping. Columbia’s corporate culture and business personality reflects a great deal of the ideals which Gert Boyle’s leadership had imbued into the company. ... ...loomberg.com/news/2012-02-07/collective-brands-said-to-pare-pool-of-bidders-to-10-ahead-of-second-round.html?cmpid=yhoo. 41. Regenold, Stephen. Gear Junkie. Columbia calls 'B.S.' on Outdoors Industry. [Online] November 10, 2010. [Cited: April 20, 2012.] http://gearjunkie.com/columbia-sportswear-2011-electric-heated-jackets. 42. Larson, Erik. Columbia Sportswear Files European Antitrust Complaint W.L. Gore. Bloomburg L.P. [Online] June 13, 2011. [Cited: April 20, 2012.] http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-13/columbia-sportswear-files-european-antitrust-complaint-w-l-gore.html. 43. REI. 2009 Stewardship Report. REI Inc. [Online] 2010. [Cited: April 19, 2012.] http://www.rei.com/stewardship.html. 44. Columbia Sportswear Company. Columbia. About Us. [Online] April 18, 2012. [Cited: April 23, 2012.] http://www.columbia.com/About-Us/About_Us_Landing,default,pg.html.